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Fig. 6. Golgi polarization lags behind membrane protrusion, but can significantly enhance directional cell migration when Golgi polarizes in the EF direction. (A) Both the cell morphology and the Golgi of the cell at the left polarized downward before the onset of EF. (B) Active membrane protrusion happened at the cathodal side 30 minutes after onset of the EF (arrowheads). (C) Only the protrusion next to the Golgi persisted (arrow head). (D) The cell then moved and polarized as well as having the Golgi polarized towards the cathode. After this, net migration towards the cathode increased markedly. The directedness value and displacement speed along the x axis were significantly higher than that before the Golgi polarized in the EF direction (compare J with H and I). Note that the cell on the right did not move and the Golgi did not repolarize. (K,L) Golgi polarization towards the cathode significantly increases the trajectory speed, displacement speed and x-axis displacement speed, and directedness (*P<0.05). n=8 from three independent experiments. See also supplementary material video 2.





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