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First published online April 5, 2005
doi: 10.1242/10.1242/jcs.02335

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Cleavage furrow formation and ingression during animal cytokinesis: a microtubule legacy

Cancer Research UK Cell Cycle Genetics Research Group, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the two opposing models proposed to explain the role of microtubules in furrow formation and ingression.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. The signalling pathways that control cortical activity during cytokinesis. The green arrows indicate activation and the red lines denote inhibition. The dotted red line suggests the possibility that Rac directly suppresses STI/CIT-K activity. The question mark indicates putative STI targets that have yet to be identified. The dotted black lines indicate the interactions of anillin with actin and myosin.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. A model depicting the role of the antagonism between RhoA and Rac GTPases in regulating cortical activity during mitosis and cytokinesis. The arrows denote the cortical forces that mediate cell rounding during mitosis and cleavage ingression during cytokinesis. Equilibrium between RhoA (blue) and Rac (yellow) activities generates a `green' rigid cortex and the relative forces necessary for cell rounding during mitosis. The `blue' ring indicates the high RhoA activity at the equatorial cortex required for contractile ring formation and furrow ingression. The rectangles illustrate a view from the top of the actomyosin filaments at the equatorial cortex.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. A schematic diagram depicting the role of the centralspindlin complex and other factors involved in furrow formation and ingression. The centralspindlin comprises a motor component (green oval) and a RacGAP protein (yellow rectangle). Other MAPs and KLPs important for central spindle formation such as PRC1, KLP3A/KIF4 and KLP67A are not indicated.