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First published online 8 January 2003
doi: 10.1242/jcs.00230

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Journal of Cell Science 116, 785-790 (2003)
doi: 10.1242/jcs.00230

Research Article

Local force induced conical protrusions of phagocytic cells

Laurent Vonna1,*, Agnès Wiedemann2, Martin Aepfelbacher2 and Erich Sackmann1,{ddagger}

1 Physik Depatment E22 (biophysics group), Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
2 Max von Pettenkofer Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, Ludwig Maximilian Universität, D-80336 München, Germany
{ddagger} Present address: Institute of Theoretical Physics, UCSB, Santa Barbara, USA

* Author for correspondence (e-mail: lvonna{at}ph.tum.de)

Accepted 18 October 2002

Magnetic tweezers were used to study the passive and active response of macrophages to local centripetal nanonewton forces on ß1 integrins. Superparamagnetic beads coated with the ß1-integrin-binding protein invasin were attached to J774 murine macrophages to mimic phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens. Forces exceeding ~0.5 nN induce the active formation of trumpet-like protrusions resembling pseudopodia after an initial elastic deflection and a response time of ~30 seconds. The speed of advancement of the protrusion is <v>=0.065±0.020 µm second-1 and is force independent. After saturation (after about 100 seconds) the protrusion stops abruptly and is completely retracted again against forces exceeding 5 nN with an effective relaxation time of ~30 seconds. The active protrusion is tentatively attributed to the growth of the actin cortex in the direction of the force, and evidence for the involvement of actin is provided by the finding that Latrunculin A abolishes the activated cone growth. The growth is assumed to be activated by cell signaling mediated by the invasin-specific integrins (exhibiting ß1 chains) and could play a role in phagocytic and protrusive events during immune response by macrophages.

Key words: Magnetic tweezers, Phagocytosis, Yersinia, Invasin, Macrophage, J774, Protrusion




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