Fig. 1. Mammalian and yeast MAPK pathways. Schematic overview of yeast (a) and mammalian (b) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and some of their downstream substrates. MAPKK/MKK, MAPK kinase; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; JNK, Jun N-terminal kinase; BMK, big MAPK; MEK, MAPK/ERK kinase. Colour code as follows: red, MAPKKs; orange, MAPKs; yellow, downstream kinases; green, transcription factors; light blue, nucleosomal proteins; dark blue, coregulators.