Fig. 8. Differential traction forces during cellular alignment in a 10-V/cm electric field in a MG63 cell on a substrate with a stiffness of 4000 N/m². +/– labeled scale vectors indicate orientation of the electric field. Tractions increase in some cellular regions up to the 300th second. Scale bar represents 10 µm; scale vector represents 10 N/m² for A to E and 50 N/m² for F.