Fig. 6. Differential traction forces visualized in pseudocolor according to the intensity and the force vectors in N/m². Traction force changes after an application of a 10-V/cm electric field for 30 seconds on a substrate with a stiffness of 4317 N/m² compared to the cell in rest before application are shown. Total traction force is not shown. The vectors show almost the same orientation as the electric field, where +/– labeled scale vectors indicate orientation of the electric field. Scale bar represents 10 µm; scale vector represents 50 N/m². Increased inward-pointing traction forces with same orientation as the electric field appear at margins facing the poles.