Fig. 5. (A) Voltage is correlated to the time for the visible retraction. The graph shows results for 12, 15, 18 and 20 V/cm. (B) Change in average traction force for 15 cells within 300 seconds (A) and for 15 cells under the influence of a 10-V/cm electric field (B). Forces are in N/m2; error bars show the s.e.m.